NEUROD1 (ND1)-induced astrocyte-to-neuron (AtN) conversion shows promise for treating neurological disorders. Researchers established an in vitro reprogramming system for rat cortical astrocytes. The dynamic trajectory and molecular mechanism of the

Mitochondria are generally regarded as having evolved symbiotically from ancient bacteria and eukaryotic cells. As the energy factories of cells, their genomes are independent.Mitochondria rapidly accumulate mutations throughout a lifetime,